What Two Arguments Does Susan B. Anthony Use to Argue That Women Are Entitled to Vote?
Adult female Suffrage and the 19th Amendment
Beginning in the mid-19th century, several generations of woman suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience to reach what many Americans considered a radical change in the Constitution – guaranteeing women the right to vote. Some suffragists used more confrontational tactics such as picketing, silent vigils, and hunger strikes. Read more...
Chief Sources
Links go to DocsTeach, the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives.
Teaching Activities
The Women's Rights page on DocsTeach includes document-based teaching activities and primary sources related to women'south rights and irresolute roles in American history – including women's suffrage, political interest, citizenship rights, roles during the world wars, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), and more.
Failure is Incommunicable is a play that brings to life the facts and emotions of the momentous struggle for voting rights for women. It was commencement performed in 1995, as role of commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the 19th amendment at the National Archives. The story is told through the voices of Abigail Adams, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Frederick Douglass, Susan B. Anthony, Sojourner Truth, Frances Gage, Clara Barton, and Carrie Chapman Catt, among others. The script is available for educational uses.
Prototype: Suffrage Parade in New York City, ca. 1912
Additional Groundwork Data
In July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the showtime women'south rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY. The Seneca Falls Convention produced a list of demands chosen the Declaration of Sentiments. Modeled on the Announcement of Independence, it chosen for broader educational and professional opportunities for women and the correct of married women to command their wages and belongings. After this historic gathering, women'south voting rights became a central issue in the emerging debate most women's rights in the United States.
Many of the attendees to the convention were besides abolitionists whose goals included universal suffrage – the right to vote for all adults. In 1870 this goal was partially realized when the 15th subpoena to the Constitution, granting blackness men the correct to vote, was ratified. Woman suffragists' tearing disagreement over supporting the 15th Subpoena, however, resulted in a "schism" that divide the women's suffrage movement into ii new suffrage organizations that focused on different strategies to win women voting rights.
The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in May of 1869 – they opposed the 15th amendment because it excluded women. In the year following the ratification of the 15th amendment, the NWSA sent a voting rights petition to the Senate and House of Representatives requesting that suffrage rights exist extended to women and that women be granted the privilege of being heard on the floor of Congress.
The second national suffrage organization established in 1869 was the American Adult female Suffrage Association (AWSA), founded by Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The AWSA supported the 15th Amendment and protested the confrontational tactics of the NWSA. The AWSA concentrated on gaining women'due south access to the polls at state and local levels, in the conventionalities that victories there would gradually build support for national action on the issue. While a federal adult female suffrage amendment was not their priority, an 1871 petition, asking that women in DC and the territories be allowed to vote and hold office, from AWSA leadership to Congress reveals its support for one.
In 1890, the NWSA and AWSA merged into the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). It became the largest woman suffrage organization in the country and led much of the struggle for the vote through 1920, when the 19th Amendment was ratified. Stanton became its president; Anthony became its vice president; and Stone became chairman of the executive committee. In 1919, 1 year before women gained the right to vote with the adoption of the 19th amendment, the NAWSA reorganized into the League of Women Voters.
The tactics used by suffragists went beyond petitions and memorials to Congress. Testing another strategy, Susan B. Anthony registered and voted in the 1872 election in Rochester, NY. As planned, she was arrested for "knowingly, wrongfully and unlawfully vot[ing] for a representative to the Congress of the United States." She was convicted by the State of New York and fined $100, which she insisted she would never pay. On January 12, 1874, Anthony petitioned Congress, requesting "that the fine imposed upon your petitioner be remitted, as an expression of the sense of this high tribunal that her conviction was unjust."
Wealthy white women were non the just supporters of women's suffrage. Frederick Douglass, formerly enslaved and leader of the abolition movement, was also an advocate. He attended the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. In an editorial published that year in The N Star, the anti-slavery newspaper he published, he wrote, "...in respect to political rights,...at that place can be no reason in the world for denying to woman the elective franchise,..." By 1877, when he was U.Southward. marshal for the District of Columbia, Douglass'south family was also involved in the move. His son, Frederick Douglass, Jr.; daughter, Mrs. Nathan Sprague; and son-in-law, Nathan Sprague, all signed a petition to Congress for adult female suffrage "...to prohibit the several States from Disfranchising U.s. Citizens on account of Sexual activity."
A growing number of black women actively supported women's suffrage during this period. They organized women's clubs beyond the country to advocate for suffrage, among other reforms. Prominent African American suffragists included Ida B. Wells-Barnett of Chicago, a leading crusader against lynching; Mary Church Terrell, educator and showtime president of the National Association of Colored Women (NACW); and Adella Hunt Logan, Tuskegee Institute faculty fellow member, who insisted in articles in The Crisis, a publication of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), that if white women needed the vote to protect their rights, then blackness women – victims of racism as well as sexism – needed the ballot even more.
In the 2nd decade of the 20th century, suffragists began staging large and dramatic parades to depict attention to their cause. One of the most consequential demonstrations was a march held in Washington, DC, on March 3, 1913. Though controversial because of the march organizers' attempt to exclude, so segregate, women of color, more than v,000 suffragists from around the state paraded down Pennsylvania Avenue from the U.S. Capitol to the Treasury Edifice.
Many of the women who had been active in the suffrage motility in the 1860s and 1870s continued their involvement over 50 years afterwards. In 1917, Mary O. Stevens, secretary and printing correspondent of the Association of Regular army Nurses of the Civil State of war, asked the chairman of the House Judiciary Commission to help the crusade of adult female suffrage past explaining: "My male parent trained me in my babyhood days to await this right. I have given my help to the agitation, and work[ed] for its coming a good many years."
During Globe State of war I, suffragists tried to embarrass President Woodrow Wilson into reversing his opposition and supporting a federal woman suffrage subpoena. But in the heated patriotic climate of wartime, such tactics met with hostility and sometimes violence and arrest. Frustrated with the suffrage motion's leadership, Alice Paul had broken with the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) to course the National Adult female's Party (NWP). Information technology employed more militant tactics to arouse for the vote.
About notably, the NWP organized the first White House watch in U.South. history on Jan 10, 1917. They stood acuity at the White House, demonstrating in silence half dozen days a week for nigh three years. The "Silent Sentinels" let their banners – comparing the President to Kaiser Wilhelm Ii of Germany – speak for them. Many of the sentinels were arrested and jailed in deplorable weather condition. Some incarcerated women went on hunger strikes and endured forced feedings. The Sentinels' treatment gained greater sympathy for women'southward suffrage, and the courts later dismissed all charges against them.
When New York adopted woman suffrage in 1917 and President Woodrow Wilson changed his position to support an amendment in 1918, the political balance began to shift in favor of the vote for women. There was still strong opposition to enfranchising women, still, as illustrated by petitions from anti-suffrage groups.
Somewhen suffragists won the political back up necessary for ratification of the 19th Subpoena to the U.S. Constitution. For 42 years, the measure had been introduced at every session of Congress, but ignored or voted down. Information technology finally passed Congress in 1919 and went to us for ratification. In May, the Firm of Representatives passed it by a vote of 304 to ninety; two weeks subsequently, the Senate approved it 56 to 25.
Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan were the first states to ratify it. On August 18, 1920, information technology appeared that Tennessee had ratified the amendment – the result of a change of vote by 24 year-former legislator Harry Burn at the insistence of his elderly mother. But those confronting the amendment managed to delay official ratification. Anti-suffrage legislators fled the state to avoid a quorum, and their associates held massive anti-suffrage rallies and attempted to convince pro-suffrage legislators to oppose ratification. Nevertheless, Tennessee reaffirmed its vote and delivered the crucial 36th ratification necessary for final adoption. While decades of struggle to include African Americans and other minority women in the promise of voting rights remained, the face of the American electorate had inverse forever.
Source: https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/woman-suffrage
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